After eight years of negative rates, and seventeen years since the last rate hike, the Bank of Japan has finally delivered what was an eagerly-anticipated exit from over a decade of ultra-easy monetary policy; though, frankly, the first steps towards policy normalisation – despite being incredibly significant – came with little fanfare, or subsequent market volatility.

This owed primarily to the fact that the policy action was incredibly well-telegraphed in advance, with an exit from negative rates having become the favoured outcome of the March policy meeting after the initial round of Rengo wage negotiations resulted in pay settlements north of 5% being negotiated, for the first time in 30 years.

Naturally, BoJ insiders ‘tipping the wink’ to Nikkei journalists, who have an uncanny track record of being on the money with these things, also helped to sap vol from financial markets as the decision dropped.

So, that decision.

Not only was a 10bp hike delivered, ending the global era of negative rates (to which one hopes we never return), but the BoJ will now reference the unsecured overnight call rate, seeking to maintain said rate in an 0.0% – 0.1% range for the time being.

Furthermore, policymakers brought a formal end to yield curve control (YCC), removing the 1% ‘reference’ cap on 10-year JGBs, though reiterating a pledge to purchase long bonds “as needed”, primarily to ensure continued market stability; it will be interesting the degree to which markets attempt to take on the BoJ with regards to this pledge.

Finally, the BoJ also scrapped their ETF and Japanese real estate investment trust (J-REIT) purchase programmes. In the context of the Nikkei trading at, as near as makes no difference, a record high, and other normalisation measures, this shouldn’t come as a particular surprise.

With all of the above broadly in line with expectations, attention naturally turns to what the BoJ are likely to do next – namely, is this the beginning of a more prolonged tightening cycle, or is this rate hike going to be ‘one and done’.

Governor Ueda’s post-meeting press conference struck something of a balance between the two, with Ueda at pains to stress that the current ‘accommodative’ policy stance will remain in place for some time to come, and that policymakers will take a data-dependent approach to further policy tightening, with any future hikes to depend primarily on the inflation outlook, and the sustainability with which the 2% target is set to be achieved.

This will likely disappoint some JPY bulls, who had been expecting the BoJ to prove something of a hawkish outlier among G10 central banks this year. Such a scenario now seems relatively unlikely, especially with Ueda himself noting that a “rapid” pace of hikes is likely to be avoided based on the current outlook.

Consequently, and as has been the case for some time now, the JPY looks like it will remain a proxy US rates trade, as the below chart shows nicely.

Here, near-term risks to Treasuries appear tilted to the downside, particularly after three straight hotter-than-expected US CPI prints, and with the risk lingering that the Fed’s median 2024 dot is bumped 25bp higher at the conclusion of the March FOMC.

In fact, the JPY’s best hope of long-run appreciation seems to stem either from a sharp rolling over in US growth, forcing the FOMC into a drastically more dovish stance – which seems unlikely at present – or a dramatic flare-up in geopolitical risk, subsequently leading to a surge in haven demand, though the loosening policy backdrop somewhat insulates markets from said risk for now, and in any case such a move would likely prove relatively short-lived.

In summary, then, while the era of NIRP is now at an end, and the BoJ’s “unprecedented easing” has now ceased, headwinds facing the JPY remain as they were prior to normalisation getting underway.